Molecular screening of tick-borne microorganisms in ticks from rural areas of Panama, with the first record of Ehrlichia minasensis in Rhipicephalus microplus from Central America.

During a molecular screening of rickettsial, borrelial and protozoal agents in ticks from rural areas of Panama, we detected DNA of Rickettsia amblyommatis in four Amblyomma mixtum collected from horses in a locality in Los Santos province. Ehrlichia minasensis and Anaplasma marginale were identified from three and two Rhipicephalus microplus, respectively, collected on cows from Chiriqui province. No DNA from other tick-borne agents was found. These results increase the information of R. amblyommatis and A. marginale in Panama, and also mark the first record of E. minasensis in Central America.

Environment Intensifies Imbalance and Fear of Falling: Comparing Urban and Rural Aging Communities.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between environmental diversity and the health status of older adults has been less considered in studies. This study seeks to investigate the causal relationship among the environment, falling, fear of falling, and the imbalance of older adults in southern Iran in 2021. OBJECTIVE: The investigation into the relationship between environmental pollution to the imbalance and fear of falling, especially in comparing urban and rural aging societies is the aim of current study. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 489 older samples from rural and urban areas were chosen randomly and their experience of falling, fear of falling, imbalance, and IADL were examined. The ordinal and nominal logistic regression and ANOVA were performed using IBM-SPSS. RESULTS: With a mean age of 71.8 (SD = 8.3), older participants have long time chronic disease (69.6%) and falling experience twice a year (42.7%). The values of effect size indicated the high effectiveness of settlement in explaining IADL, health situation, experience and fear of falling, and imbalance (Eta squared > 30). The odds ratio for being in the urban settlement was 5.51, indicating the imbalance score increased by approximately 5.52 times. CONCLUSION: Imbalance in older people leads to the fear and experience of falling. This imbalance is strongly influenced by the environment. Urban pollution can contribute to this problem. Future studies on aging need to focus on environmental pollution and diversity in the experience of falling and imbalance.

Rural environment reduces allergic inflammation by modulating the gut microbiota.

Rural environments and microbiota are linked to a reduction in the prevalence of allergies. However, the mechanism underlying the reduced allergies modulated by rural residency is unclear. Here, we assessed gut bacterial composition and metagenomics in urban and rural children in the EuroPrevall-INCO cohort. Airborne dusts, including mattress and rural henhouse dusts, were profiled for bacterial and fungal composition by amplicon sequencing. Mice were repeatedly exposed to intranasal dust extracts and evaluated for their effects on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway inflammation, and gut microbiota restoration was validated by fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) from dust-exposed donor mice. We found that rural children had fewer allergies and unique gut microbiota with fewer Bacteroides and more Prevotella. Indoor dusts in rural environments harbored higher endotoxin level and diversity of bacteria and fungi, whereas indoor urban dusts were enriched with Aspergillus and contained elevated pathogenic bacteria. Intranasal administration of rural dusts before OVA sensitization reduced respiratory eosinophils and blood IgE level in mice and also led to a recovery of gut bacterial diversity and Ruminiclostridium in the mouse model. FMT restored the protective effect by reducing OVA-induced lung eosinophils in recipient mice. Together, these results support a cause-effect relationship between exposure to dust microbiota and allergy susceptibility in children and mice. Specifically, rural environmental exposure modulated the gut microbiota, which was essential in reducing allergy in children from Southern China. Our findings support the notion that the modulation of gut microbiota by exposure to rural indoor dust may improve allergy prevention.

Is Population Density Associated with Non-Communicable Disease in Western Developed Countries? A Systematic Review.

Over the last three decades, researchers have investigated population density and health outcomes at differing scale. There has not been a systematic review conducted in order to synthesise this evidence. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines, we systematically reviewed quantitative evidence published since 1990 on population density and non-communicable disease (NCD) within Westernised countries. Fifty-four studies met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated utilising a quality assessment tool for ecological studies. High population density appears to be associated with higher mortality rates of a range of cancers, cardiovascular disease and COPD, and a higher incidence of a range of cancers, asthma and club foot. In contrast, diabetes incidence was found to be associated with low population density. High and low population density are therefore risk markers for a range of NCDs, indicating that there are unidentified factors and mechanisms underlying aetiology. On closer examination, our synthesis revealed important and complex relationships between population density, the built environment, the nature of greenspace and man-made exposures. In light of increasing rates of morbidity and mortality, future research is required to investigate these associations in order to establish causative agents for each NCD.

Interiorização dos cursos de psicologia no Brasil: desafios atuais à formação / Interiorization of psychology courses in Brazil: challenges to training / Interiorización de los cursos de psicología en Brasil: desafíos actuales a la formación

Objetiva-se analisar os projetos pedagógicos dos cursos de Psicologia (PPC) localizados em cidades de médio, médio-pequeno e pequeno porte, considerando o contexto de expansão e interiorização da formação na última década. Trata-se de um estudo documental, a partir da análise de 20 PPC, com base nos seguintes eixos: perfil e localização dos cursos, caracterização geral dos PPC, ênfases curriculares/disciplinas e campo das práticas. Os cursos estão distribuídos em, pelo menos, 12 Estados brasileiros, sendo 30% em municípios de médio porte, 45% em municípios de médio-pequeno porte e 25% em localidades de pequeno porte. São cursos mais próximos dos contextos rurais, entendidos como um espaço singular, permeados por uma multiplicidade de formas e uma diversidade de relações com o mundo urbano, o que exige maior sensibilidade para apreender a complexidade e a heterogeneidade que marca os meios e os povos rurais no Brasil.

The aim of this study is to analyze the Pedagogical Projects of the Psychology Courses (PPC) in cities of a medium, small to medium, and small size located in the country, considering the context of expansion and interiorization of formation in the last decade. This was a document study, based on the analysis of 20 PPC, based on the following axes: profile and location of courses, general characterization of the PPC, curriculum/ modules emphasis, and practice fields. The courses are distributed in at least 12 Brazilian States, 30% being in medium-size cities, 45% in medium to small size cities, and 25% in small size cities. The courses are closer to rural contexts, as a singular space through a multiplicity of forms of diversity with the urban world, which demands major sensitivity to answer to the complexity and heterogeneity that is typical of the rural environment and its population in Brazil.

Se objetiva analizar los Proyectos Pedagógicos de los Cursos de Psicología (PPC) de ciudades medianas, medianas-pequeñas, y pequeñas del país, tomando en cuenta el contexto de expansión e internalización de la formación en la última década. Se trata de un estudio documental que parte del análisis de 20 PPC y está basado en los siguientes ejes: perfil y ubicación de los cursos, caracterización general de los PPC, énfasis curriculares/asignaturas y campo de las prácticas. Los cursos investigados están distribuidos en al menos 12 estados brasileños, siendo 30% en ciudades medianas, 45% en medianas-pequeñas y 25% en pequeñas. Son cursos más cercanos a los contextos rurales, comprendidos como un espacio singular, impregnados por una multiplicidad de formas y una diversidad de relaciones con el mundo urbano, lo que requiere una mayor sensibilidad para captar la complejidad y heterogeneidad que marca los medios y la población rural de Brasil.

Validação do Índice Breve de Sentido de Comunidade para contextos rurais em situação de pobreza no Brasil / Validation of the Brief Sense of Community Index for Rural Poverty Situations in Brazil / Validación del Índice Corto de Sentido Comunidad para contextos rurales en pobreza en Brasil

Objetiva-se validar o Índice Breve de Sentido de Comunidade para população brasileira em situação de pobreza rural. A investigação é de delineamento quantitativo de recorte transversal por meio de levantamento. A amostra foi composta por 1113 pessoas em situação de pobreza de comunidades rurais de diferentes regiões (Nordeste, Norte e Sul) do Brasil com média de idade de 42,25 (DP = 17,57). O instrumento avaliado foi o Índice de Sentido de Comunidade proposto por Peterson, Speer e Hughey (2006) com base na adaptação do Índice de Sentido de Comunidade de Perkins, Florin, Rich, Wandersman e Chavis (1990). Foram realizadas Análises Fatorial Exploratória (AFE) e Fatorial Confirmatória (AFC). Identificou-se que a escala apresenta excelentes índices psicométricos, rotacionando de maneira unifatorial e diferindo da estrutura original. Concebe-se que este instrumento breve é adequado para contextos rurais em situação de pobreza por conta das especificidades dessa realidade e dessa população.

The objective is to validate the Brief Sense of Community Index for the Brazilian population in rural poverty. The research is of quantitative delineation of transversal cut through survey. The sample was composed by 1113 people in rural communities of different regions (Northeast, North and South) of Brazil with an average age of 42.25 (SD = 17.57). The instrument evaluated was the Brief Sense of Community Index proposed by Peterson, Speer and Hughey (2006) based on the adaptation of the Sense of Community Index of the Perkins, Florin, Rich, Wandersman and Chavis (1990). Exploratory Factorial Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factorial Analysis (AFC) were carried out. It was identified that the scale carries excellent psychometric indices, rotating in a unifatorial way and differing from the original structure. It was conceived that this brief instrument is suitable for rural contexts in poverty because of the specificities of this reality and this population.

El objetivo es validar el Indice Corto de Sentido de Comunidad para la población brasileña en la pobreza rural. La investigación es de delineación cuantitativa de corte transversal a través de la encuesta. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1113 personas en comunidades rurales de diferentes regiones (Nordeste, Norte y Sur) de Brasil con una edad promedio de 42,25 años (SD = 17,57). El instrumento evaluado fue la Indice Corto de Sentido Comunidad propuesta por Peterson, Speer y Hughey (2006) basada en la adaptación del Índice de Sentido de Comunidad de Perkins, Florin, Rich, Wandersman y Chavis (1990). Se llevaron a cabo Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (EFA) y Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC). Se identificó que la escala tiene excelentes índices psicométricos, que giran de manera unificada y que difieren de la estructura original. Se concibió que este corto instrumento es adecuado para contextos rurales en pobreza debido a las especificidades de esta realidad y de esta población.

Psicologia e ruralidade: reflexões para formação em psicologia / Psychology and rurality: reflections for the training in psychology / Psicología y ruralidad: reflexiones para formación en psicología

Os contextos rurais constituem um novo campo de atuação para as/os psicólogas/os. Porém, a relação entre Psicologia e rural ainda não se dá de forma estreita. O lugar das/os psicólogas/os nesse campo ainda está por se configurar. Diante dessa realidade, este ensaio desenvolvido por meio de uma pesquisa teórica visa debater mais amplamente sobre as possibilidades de inserção de rural na formação em Psicologia. Entende-se que o desafio é construir formações em Psicologia implicadas com a clareza das bases teóricas e práticas que norteiam o fazer técnico e ético no contexto das ruralidades, entendendo que a qualificação para esse campo não envolve apenas o campo técnico, mas o compromisso ético-político (AU).

Rural contexts are a new field of practice for psychologists. However, the relationship between psychology and the rural still is not close enough. Psychologists' place in this context, therefore, is still configuring itself. Considering this reality, this essay, developed through a theoretical research, aims to discuss broadly the possibilities of incorporation of the rural in Psychology courses. It is understood that the challenge is to develop training in psychology that is dedicated to clarify theoretical and practical bases that can guide techniques and ethical issues of the rural context, understanding that the qualification in this field does not involve only technical aspects but also ethical-political commitment (AU).

Los contextos rurales constituyen un nuevo campo de actuación para las/los psicólogas/os. Sin embargo, la relación entre Psicología y rural aún no se configura de forma estrecha. El lugar de las (los) psicólogas (os) en ese campo, por lo tanto, aún está por configurarse. Ante esta realidad, este ensayo es desarrollado por medio de una investigación teórica objetiva debatir más ampliamente sobre las posibilidades de inserción del rural en la formación en Psicología. Se entiende que el desafío es construir formaciones en Psicología implicadas con la claridad de las bases teóricas y prácticas que orientan el hacer técnico y ético en el contexto de las ruralidades, entendiendo que la calificación para ese campo no implica sólo el campo técnico, sino el compromiso ético -político (AU.

Asthma and allergic rhinitis risk depends on house dust mite specific IgE levels in PARIS birth cohort children.

BACKGROUND: The natural history of allergic sensitization in childhood, and its impact on allergic disease development, needs to be clarified. This study aims to identify allergic sensitization and morbidity patterns during the first 8 years of life. METHODS: The study was conducted in the on-going population-based prospective Pollution and Asthma Risk: an Infant Study (PARIS) birth cohort. Sensitization profiles were identified by k-means clustering based upon allergen-specific IgE levels measured at 18 months and 8/9 years. Allergic morbidity profiles were identified by latent class analysis based on symptoms, symptom severity, treatments, and lifetime doctor-diagnoses of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis and on lower respiratory infections before 2 years. RESULTS: Five sensitization and 5 allergic morbidity patterns were established in 714 children. Children not sensitized or with isolated and low allergen-specific sensitization were grouped together (76.8%). A profile of early and transient sensitization to foods that increased the risk of asthma later in childhood was identified (4.9%). Children strongly sensitized (≥3.5 kUA/L) to house dust mite at 8/9 years (9.0%) had the highest risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Finally, timothy grass pollen at 8/9 years sensitization profile (5.3%) was related to respiratory allergic diseases, as was early onset and persistent sensitization profile (4.1%), this latter being also strongly associated with atopic dermatitis. CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE: We show that accurate assessment of the risk of allergic disease should rely on earliness and multiplicity of sensitization, involved allergens, and allergen-specific IgE levels, and not considering solely allergic sensitization as a dichotomous variable (allergen-specific IgE ≥0.35 kUA/L), as usually done. This is particularly striking for house dust mite. We are hopeful that, pending further confirmation in other populations, our findings will improve clinical practice as part of an approach to allergic disease prevention.

Diversity and abundance of airborne fungal spores in a rural cold dry desert environment in Argentinean Patagonia.

This work describes a longitudinal study of three consecutive years carried out in the air of agricultural environments located in Northern Patagonia with cold dry desert climate (Köppen: Bwk). This study area comprises a rural valley with unique geographical and climatological conditions. Therefore, the aim of this work is to quantify and determine its fungal diversity, so this knowledge will contribute to detect potential pathogenic and toxic fungi that has been adapted to this type of environment and may overcome the incipient climate change. Samplings were conducted in two geographical zones of the study area and a microflow air sampler was used to isolate fungal taxa. The annual mean fungal counts were found in the order of E+03 CFU/m3 of air. The aerial mycoflora revealed a wide biodiversity of at least 28 genera and 50 fungal species. Cladosporium was the most abundant genus (76.97%), followed by Alternaria (12.48%), Epicoccum (4.41%) and Botrytis (1.81%). The rest of the genera were found in relative densities lower than 1%. In terms of species, C. cladosporioides (34.82%), C. limoniforme (21.72%), A. tenuissima (10.94%) and C. asperulatum predominated (9.01%). This is the first report of the air mycoflora of rural environments with cold dry desert climate which provides useful information to take preventive measures to avoid biological damage.

Os Festejos como Estratégia de Fortalecimento Comunitário em Comunidade de Manaus (AM) / The Festivities as a Strategy for Community Strengthening in a Manaus (AM) Community / Los Festejos como Estrategia de Fortalecimiento Comunitario en Comunidad de Manaus (AM)

A comunidade Parque Riachuelo I, localizada em Manaus (AM), existe há 40 anos e foi fruto de ocupações desordenadas. Está sediada na zona urbana, mas ainda não é plenamente urbanizada, apresentando aspectos rurais (igarapés, mata virgem, ruas de barro). Por isso, sofre com a falta de infraestrutura, de acesso a serviços sociais básicos e de lazer. Apesar das dificuldades, os moradores organizam festejos em datas comemorativas. Assim, a partir de pesquisa de iniciação científica, neste artigo temos por objetivo apresentar quais festejos já aconteceram na comunidade e seu significado para os moradores, para examinar como os mesmos influenciaram no fortalecimento das redes comunitárias. Partindo da Psicologia Social Comunitária, realizamos pesquisa qualitativa, com seis entrevistas semiestruturadas com participantes-chave e respectiva análise de conteúdo. Os resultados apontam a lembrança de oito festejos marcantes, com o significado e importância de promover o engajamento e motivação nas lutas políticas, união, fortalecimento dos laços comunitários e sentimento de pertença. Verificamos que os festejos se tornaram uma ferramenta estratégica essencial para união e lazer, de modo que a cada festejo mais moradores participam e dialogam sobre as questões da comunidade, propiciando o fortalecimento comunitário....(AU)

The community Parque Riachuelo I, located in Manaus (AM), has existed for about 40 years and was the result of disordered occupations. It is based in the urban zone, but it is not yet fully urbanized, presenting rural aspects (small river, virgin forest, mud streets). Hence, it suffers from lack of infrastructure, access to basic social services and leisure. Despite the difficulties, the residents organize festivities on commemorative dates. From a scientific initiation research, in this paper we aim to present which festivities have already taken place in the community and their meaning for the residents, to examine how they influenced the strengthening of community network. From the point of view of Community Social Psychology, we conducted a qualitative research with six semi-structured interviews with key participants and performed a content analysis. The results pointed to the remembrance of eight outstanding festivities, with meaning and importance of engagement and motivation on political struggles, union, strengthening of community ties and belonging sense. We have verified that the festivities have become an essential strategy tool for union and leisure, so that in each celebration more residents participate and dialogue on community issues, promoting community strengthening....(AU)

La comunidad Parque Riachuelo I, ubicada en Manaus (AM), existe hace 40 años y fue fruto de ocupaciones desordenadas. Está ubicada en la zona urbana, pero aún no está totalmente urbanizada, presentando aspectos rurales (arroyos, selva virgen, calles de barro). Por eso, sufre con falta de infraestructura, de acceso a servicios sociales básicos y de ocio. A pesar de las dificultades, los residentes organizan festejos en fechas conmemorativas. Así, a partir de investigación de iniciación científica, en este artículo tenemos por objetivo presentar cuáles fiestas ya ocurrieron en la comunidad y su significado para los residentes, para examinar cómo los mismos influenciaron en el fortalecimiento de las redes comunitarias. Partiendo de la Psicología Social Comunitaria, realizamos investigación cualitativa, con seis entrevistas semiestructuradas con participantes clave y respectivo análisis de contenido. Los resultados apuntan el recuerdo de ocho fiestas más importantes, con el significado e importancia de promover el compromiso y motivación en las luchas políticas, unión, fortalecimiento de lazos comunitarios y sentimiento de pertenencia. Verificamos que las fiestas se han convertido en una herramienta estratégica esencial para la unión y el ocio, de modo que a cada festejo más residentes participan y dialogan sobre las cuestiones de la comunidad, propiciando el fortalecimiento comunitario.io....(AU)

Exposure levels and health risk assessment of ambient BTX at urban and rural environments of a terai region of northern India.

Benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) belong to an important group of aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are usually emitted from various sources. BTX play a vital role in the tropospheric chemistry as well as pose health hazard to human beings. Thus, an investigation of ambient benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) was conducted at urban and rural sites of Gorakhpur for a span of one year in order to ascertain the contamination levels. The sampling of BTX was performed by using a low-flow SKC Model 220 sampling pump equipped with activated coconut shell charcoal tubes with a flow rate of 250 ml/min for 20-24 h. The analysis was in accordance with NIOSH method 1501. The efficiency of pump was checked weekly using regulated rotameters with an accuracy of ±1%. The samples were extracted with CS2 with occasional agitation and analyzed by GC-FID. The total BTX concentration ranged from 3.4 µg m-3 to 45.4 µg m-3 with mean value 30.95 µg m-3 and median 24.8 µg m-3. The mean concentration of total BTX was maximum during winter (39.3 µg m-3), followed by summer (28.4 µg m-3) and monsoon season (25.1 µg m-3). The mean concentration of BTX at urban site (11.8 µg m-3) was higher than that at rural site (8.8 µg m-3). At both the sites, T/B and X/B ratios were highest in monsoon and lowest in winters. Toluene against benzene plot shows R2 value of 0.96 and 0.49 at urban and rural sites respectively. Higher R2 value at urban site clearly indicates similar sources of emission for benzene and toluene. At both the sites, the estimated integrated lifetime cancer risk (ILTCR) for benzene exceeded the threshold value of 1E-06 whereas the individual hazard quotients (HQ) for BTX did not exceed unity at any of the sites.

Entre o urbano e o rural:: afetações nos encontros de uma pesquisa em saúde / Between the urban and the rural:: affectations within the encounters in a research in health

O objetivo deste texto é expor as interações entre pesquisadora, profissionais de saúde e usuários do SUS no contexto rural, no material empírico de uma pesquisa de orientação etnográfica. O rural é pensado como o lugar do encontro entre o campo e a cidade, como um espaço singular e como um modo vida. Apoiadas nas contribuições dos estudos etnográficos, utilizaram-se, neste trabalho, recursos como observação participante, descrição densa e entrevistas com os profissionais da equipe de Saúde da Família que trabalham em povoados de um município de Minas Gerais. Acentuam-se, nos resultados e discussão, elementos do material empírico que permitem acompanhar cenas de estranhamento nos encontros proporcionados pela pesquisa.

The objective of this text is to expose the interactions between the researcher, health professionals and SUS users, in the empirical material of an ethnographically oriented research in health. The rural is thought of as an encounter between the countryside and the city, as a singular space , and as a way of life. Supported by the contributions of ethnographic studies, we used field strategies such as participant observation, dense description and interviews with professionals of the Family Health team, who work at villages of the state of Minas Gerais. In the results and discussion section we highlight elements of the empirical material that lead us to follow scenes of estrangement within the encounters produced by the research.

Inserção e trabalho de psicólogas/os em contextos rurais: interpelações à psicologia / Psychologists insertion and work in rural contexts: interpellations to Psychology

Objetivou-se identificar as formas de aproximação, inserção e atuação de psicólogas/os em contextos rurais. Participaram da pesquisa cinco psicólogas/os que atuam em dois Centros de Referência da Assistência Social (CRAS), três Equipes Volantes do CRAS e um Núcleo de Apoio a Saúde da Família (NASF), localizados em três municípios de pequeno porte no Piauí. Os instrumentos foram observação participante, conversas informais, diários de campo e entrevistas semiestruturadas, sendo os dados analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo temática. O rural enquanto categoria teórica e forma de representação ficou invizibilizado nos discursos das/os participantes. As dificuldades relatadas quanto à inserção profissional foram muito mais pelas condições de trabalho nas políticas sociais do que propriamente pelo rural. Identificou-se, nesse sentido, a carência de planejamentos e intervenções voltadas para as especificidades desses contextos. Conclui-se que a atuação de psicólogas/os com rural demanda muitos debates, sendo um campo desafiador para profissão.

This study aimed to identify forms of approximation, insertion, and practice of psychologists in the rural context. Participants were six psychologists who work in two Centres of Reference in Social Assistance (CRSA), three itinerant teams from the CRSA and one from the Family Health Support Centre (FHSC), located in three small cities in Piauí. The instruments were participant observation, informal conversations, field diary, semi-structured interviews, which were analysed through thematic content analysis. It was identified that rural, as a theoretical category and form of representation, was invisible in participants' speech. Furthermore, the difficulties reported regarding professional insertion were more related to work conditions in social policies than to the rural environment. It was also possible to verify, a lack of planning and interventions for the specificities of this context. It is concluded that psychologists' operation in the rural environment requires many debate, and this is a challenging field for the profession.

Pathways to HIV-Related Behavior Among Heterosexual, Rural Black Men: A Person-Centered Analysis.

We investigated the psychosocial mechanisms linking personal and contextual risk factors to HIV-related behavior among 498 rural Black men. We characterized HIV-related behavior in terms of profile groups and hypothesized that contextual and personal risk factors (childhood adversity, community disadvantage, incarceration, and racial discrimination) would predict HIV-related behavior indirectly via two psychosocial mechanisms: impulsivity and negative relational schemas. Study results documented three HIV-related behavior profile groups. The Safer group reported low levels of risky behavior. The Risk-Taking group reported inconsistent condom use and elevated substance use. The Multiple Partners group reported the highest numbers of partners and relatively consistent condom use. Risk factors predicted profile groups directly and indirectly through psychosocial mechanisms. Impulsivity mediated the association between community disadvantage and membership in the risk-taking group. Negative relational schemas mediated the associations of childhood experiences and community disadvantage with membership in the multiple partners group. Specificity in pathways suggests the need for targeted interventions based on multidimensional characterizations of risk behavior.

Diversidad de expectativas de los extensionistas rurales Latinoamericanos sobre la Psicología / Diversity of expectations of Latin American rural extensionists of Psychology / Diversidade de expectativas dos extensionistas rurais da América Latina sobre a Psicologia

Resumen La psicología posee potencialidad para contribuir con la extensión rural. Sin embargo, las características de su rol, así como las necesidades específicas en diversos países aún no han sido clarificadas. Buscando analizar de manera diferencial las expectativas que extensionistas rurales latinoamericanos de 12 países tienen sobre la psicología, se realizó una encuesta. De los 654 extensionistas encuestados, 585 consideraron que la psicología podría contribuir a su trabajo. Se concluye que las expectativas en los diferentes países son diversas, aunque poseen elementos compartidos. Existen dos tipos de expectativas: aquellas como la gestión de grupos y procesos participativos con productores y la capacitación y asesoramiento de extensionistas, que pueden ser utilizadas para guiar el trabajo de los psicólogos; y aquellas que tienden a poner a los productores en el lugar de objetos de intervención y no de sujetos de cambio, las cuales necesitan ser puestas en discusión junto con los extensionistas.

Abstract Psychology has potential to contribute to rural extension. Nonetheless, the characteristics of its role, as well as the specific needs in different countries have not been yet clarified. Thus, aiming at analyzing Latin American rural extensionists' differential expectations of psychology in 12 countries, a survey was conducted. Of 654 surveyed extensionists, 585 considered psychology could contribute to their work. Expectations from psychology in the different countries are diverse, despite the fact some of them are shared. There are two different types of expectations: those such as the management of farmers' groups and participatory processes, and the training and advising of extensionists, which can be used to guide psychologists' practices; and those that place farmers in the position of objects of psychologists' interventions and not of subjects of transformation, which has to be put up for discussion with extensionists.

Resumo A psicologia tem a potencialidade de contribuir com a extensão rural. Não obstante, as características de seu papel, assim como as necessidades específicas em diversos países, ainda não têm sido esclarecidas. Procurando analisar de maneira diferencial as expectativas que os extensionistas rurais de 12 países latinoamericanos têm sobre a psicologia, a enquete foi implementada. Dos 654 extensionistas rurais enquetados, 585 disseram que a psicologia poderia contribuir com seu trabalho. Conclui-se que as expectativas nos diferentes países são diversas, mas têm elementos compartilhados. Existem dois tipos de expectativas: aquelas como a gestão de grupos e processos participativos com os agricultores e a capacitação e o assessoramento dos extensionistas, as quais podem ser utilizadas para guiar os trabalhos dos psicólogos; e aquelas que tendem a pôr aos agricultores no lugar de objetos de intervenção e não de sujeitos de transformação, as quais têm que ser postas em discussão junto aos extensionistas.

Humilhação social e contextos rurais: discussões a partir de pesquisas em três comunidades rurais / Social humiliation and rural environments: discussions based on research in three rural communities / Humillación social y contextos rurales: discusiones a partir de investigaciones en tres comunidades rurales / Humiliation social et contextes ruraux: discussions basées sur la recherche dans trois communautés rurales

Neste trabalho temos por objetivo refletir sobre questões psicossociais relacionadas à humilhação social em diferentes contextos rurais, por meio da discussão comum a três experiências de pesquisa distintas em diferentes comunidades rurais. O primeiro trabalho apresenta relatos de humilhação social vividos pelos moradores de um quilombo no agreste de Alagoas nos atendimentos de saúde. O segundo relato traz experiências de humilhação social por jovens em um assentamento agrário no litoral do Ceará. O terceiro relato aborda a humilhação social de moradores de comunidades ribeirinhas do Amazonas ao ir à cidade em busca de serviços urbanos. As discussões dos elementos comuns a estas pesquisas contribuem para compreender como a humilhação social, enquanto fenômeno psicopolítico, manifesta-se em diferentes contextos rurais. Como conclusão, aponta-se a necessidade de romper com o fatalismo, fortalecer as lutas por direitos e refletir sobre os modos de enfrentamento político dessas comunidades frente ao sofrimento vivido.

In this paper we aim to reflect on psychosocial issues related to social humiliation in different rural contexts, through a common discussion of three different research experiences in different rural communities. The first work presents reports of social humiliation experienced by the inhabitants of a quilombo in the rough of Alagoas during attendances in health services. The second report brings experiences of social humiliation by young people in an agrarian settlement off the coast of Ceará. The third report addresses the social humiliation of residents of Amazonas' riverine communities when they go to the city in search of urban services. The discussions of the common elements to these researches contribute to understand how social humiliation, as a psycho-political phenomenon, manifests itself in different rural contexts. In conclusion, we point the necessity to break with fatalism, to strengthen the struggles for rights and to reflect on the political of these communities in face of suffering.

En este artículo tenemos por objetivo reflexionar sobre cuestiones psicosociales relacionadas a la humillación social en diferentes contextos rurales, por medio de la discusión común a tres experiencias de investigación distintas en diferentes comunidades rurales. El primer trabajo presenta relatos de humillación social vividos por los habitantes de una comunidad remanente de esclavos africanos (Quilombo) en la zona árida de Alagoas en los tratamientos de salud. El según relato trae la experiencia de humillación social con jóvenes de un asentamiento agrario en el litoral de Ceará. El tercer relato aborda la humillación social de los habitantes de comunidades ribereñas del Amazonas al ir a la ciudad buscar servicios urbanos. La discusión de los elementos comunes a esas investigaciones contribuyen para comprender como la humillación social, como un fenómeno psicopolítico, se expresa en diferentes contextos rurales. Como conclusión, señalamos la necesidad de romper con el fatalismo, fortalecer las luchas por derechos y reflexionar sobre los modos de enfrentamiento político de esas comunidades delante el sufrimiento vivido.

Dans cet article nous visons à réfléchir sur les problèmes psychosociaux liées à l'humiliation sociale dans des différents contextes ruraux, à travers une discussion commune de trois expériences de recherche différentes dans différentes communautés rurales. Le premier travail présente des rapports d'humiliation sociale vécus par les habitants d'un quilombo dans l'agreste d'Alagoas dans les soins de santé. Le deuxième rapport apporte des expériences d'humiliation sociale par les jeunes dans un établissement agraire au large des côtes de Ceará. Le troisième rapport aborde l'humiliation sociale des résidents des communautés riveraines de l'Amazonas lorsqu'ils se rendent dans la ville à la recherche de services urbains. Les discussions sur les éléments communs à ces recherches contribuent à comprendre comment l'humiliation sociale, en tant que phénomène psycho-politique, se manifeste dans différents contextes ruraux. En conclusion, nous soulignons la nécessité de rompre avec le fatalisme, de renforcer les luttes pour les droits et de réfléchir sur la confrontation politique de ces communautés face à la souffrance..

The Influence of Childhood Adversity on Rural Black Men's Sexual Risk Behavior.

BACKGROUND: Young Black men living in resource-poor rural environments are disproportionately affected by both adverse childhood experiences and HIV/STIs. The influence of childhood adversity on sexual risk behavior remains to be examined among this vulnerable population. PURPOSE: In this study, we investigated the influence of overall adversity as well as three subcomponents, abusive parenting, parental neglect, and witnessing family violence, on men's engagement in sexual risk behavior. We hypothesized that adverse experiences would predict engagement in sexual risk behaviors including multiple sexual partnerships, inconsistent condom use, frequent sexual activity, and concurrent substance abuse and sexual activity. We tested formally the extent to which defensive relational schemas mediated these associations. METHODS: Hypotheses were tested with data from 505 rural Black men (M age = 20.29, SD = 1.10) participating in the African American Men's Health Project. Participants were recruited using respondent-driven sampling. Self-report data were gathered from participants via audio computer-assisted self-interviews. RESULTS: Bi-factor analyses revealed that, in addition to a common adversity factor, neglect independently predicted sexual risk behavior. Men's defensive relational schemas partially mediated the influence of the common adversity factor as well as the neglect subcomponent on sexual risk behavior. CONCLUSIONS: The present research identified a potential risk factor for sexual risk behavior in an understudied and vulnerable population. Adverse childhood experiences in general, and neglect in particular, may place many young Black men at risk for engaging in sexual risk behavior due in part to the influence of these experiences on men's development of relational schemas characterized by defensiveness and mistrust.

Sociodrama de projeção de futuro com jovens assentados: encontros e despedidas / Sociodrama about planning the future with young settlers: meetings and farewells / Sociodrama de proyección de futuro con jóvenes asentados: reuniones y despedidas

Este trabalho apresenta a análise de uma projeção de futuro sociodramática realizada com jovens de um assentamento localizado no litoral do Ceará. Foi formado um grupo sociodramático, em uma escola de ensino médio do campo. Os jovens almejavam continuar seus estudos e exercer profissões que lhes possibilitassem maior renda, mas para isso precisariam estudar em outras cidades. Chamou atenção o enraizamento desses jovens no local onde moram e com as pessoas com quem convivem, pois todos manifestaram o desejo de retornar, depois de concluídos os estudos. As políticas públicas podem ampliar ou limitar os projetos de futuro de jovens, ao possibilitar condições de permanência nas áreas rurais. Particularmente, este estudo traz reflexões sobre a contribuição do sociodrama para as comunidades.

This paper presents the analysis of a sociodramatic projection of the future with young people from a settlement located on the North East coast of Brazil. This sociodramatic group occurred in a rural high school. The young people longed to continue their studies and graduate, entering professions that would give them good salaries. This however meant they would have to migrate to bigger cities to study. They had a strong feeling of being rooted to the place where they belong and to the people who live there, and all expressed a desire to return after completing their studies. Public policies have the potential to broaden or narrow the future projects of young people, by creating opportunities for them to remain in rural areas. In particular, this study contributes to reflect how sociodrama can contribute to works in the community.

Este trabajo presenta el análisis de una proyección futura de sociodrama con jóvenes de un asentamiento situado en el litoral de Ceará, Brasil. Se ha formado un grupo de sociodrama en una escuela secundaria rural. Los jóvenes deseaban continuar sus estudios y ejercer una profesión que les permita mayores ingresos. Para eso, tienen que estudiar en otras ciudades. Lo que llamó la atención fue el arraigo de que estos jóvenes tienen con el lugar donde viven y con las personas que conviven, porque a ellos les gustaría volver después de completar sus estudios. Las políticas públicas pueden ampliar o limitar los proyectos futuros de los jóvenes, ofreciendo condiciones de permanencia en las zonas rurales. En particular, este estudio contribuye a la reflexión sobre cómo el sociodrama puede ayudar las comunidades.

Transformações das Identidades Coletivas em Comunidade no Alto Solimões/AM / Transformations of Collective Identities in Community in Upper Solimões River/AM

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta estudo realizado em comunidade da zona rural do município de Tabatinga/AM, onde foi investigada a transformação das identidades coletivas de seus moradores por meio de pesquisa qualitativa. Entre 2006 e 2011, foram realizadas viagens a campo nas quais foram utilizadas observação participante, entrevistas semiestruturadas e genograma. A relação entre origem da comunidade, laços de parentesco, lideranças, lutas comunitárias e transformação das identidades coletivas é apresentada. Esses processos estão relacionados à religião da Santa Cruz, às práticas produtivas e à origem cultural-territorial. Discute-se que a busca de benefícios une os moradores e que uma das estratégias de acesso a direitos sociais foi a mudança identitária de caboco amazonense a indígena das etnias Tikuna e Kokama.

ABSTRACT This paper presents a study conducted in a rural community of Tabatinga/ AM, where the transformation of collective identities of its residents was investigated through qualitative research. Between 2006 and 2011, field trips were done, in which participant observation, semi-structured interviews and genogram were conducted. Relations between the community origin, kinship, leadership, community struggles and transformation of collective identities are presented. These processes are related to the religion of Santa Cruz, their production practices and their cultural territorial origin. It is argued that search for benefits reinforces the union among the locals and that one strategies to gain access to social rights was changing their identity from Amazonian caboco to the indian ethnicities Tikuna and Kokama.

A relação entre a Educação Infantil e as famílias do campo / The relationship between early childhood education and countryside families / La relación entre la Educación Infantil y las familias del campo

A relação Educação Infantil e famílias é estudada prioritariamente em contextos urbanos, sendo raras as pesquisas em áreas rurais, fato que influencia os avanços do conhecimento e a elaboração das políticas para infâncias do campo. O artigo apresenta dados de uma pesquisa realizada em uma escola rural (Minas Gerais - Brasil), cujo objetivo foi compreender significações sobre a relação família-escola. Foram feitas observações na escola e entrevistas com seis profissionais de educação e cinco famílias. O material foi analisado qualitativamente e sistematizado nos eixos temáticos: 1) instrumentos da relação escola-família; 2) presença da família na escola; 3) situações problemáticas. A análise dos dados revelou que a concretude do campo investigado, marcada por grandes distâncias geográficas e específicas condições de vida e trabalho, atravessa e configura encontros possíveis entre as instituições escolar e familiar. Os resultados indicam às escolas a necessidade de recriação das formas tradicionais de conceber a relação com a família.(AU)

The early childhood education and family relationship is studied primarily in urban settings, with few studies in countryside, a fact that influences the progress of knowledge and the development of policies for countryside childhood. The article presents data from a survey in a countryside school (Minas Gerais - Brazil), whose goal was to understand the meanings of family-school relationship. Observations at school and interviews with six education professionals and five families were made. The material was qualitatively analyzed and systematized the themes: 1) instruments of school-family relationship; 2) family presence at school; 3) problematic situations. Data analysis revealed that the concreteness of the investigated field, marked by great geographic distances and specific conditions of life and work, through and sets up possible encounters between the school and family institutions. The results indicate the need for schools to recreate traditional ways of thinking the relationship with the family.(AU)

La relación Educación Infantil y familias son estudiadas prioritariamente en contextos urbanos, siendo raras las investigaciones en áreas rurales, hecho que influencia los avances del conocimiento y la elaboración de las políticas para infancias del campo. El artículo presenta datos de una investigación realizada en una escuela rural (Minas Gerais - Brasil), cuyo objetivo fue comprender significaciones sobre la relación familia-escuela. Se realizaron observaciones en la escuela y encuestas con seis profesionales de educación y cinco familias. El material fue analizado cualitativamente y sistematizado en los ejes temáticos: 1) instrumentos de la relación escuela-familia; 2) presencia de la familia en la escuela; 3) situaciones problemáticas. El análisis de los datos enseñó que la concretad del campo investigado, marcada por grandes distancias geográficas y específicas condiciones de vida y trabajo, atraviesa y configura encuentros posibles entre las instituciones escolar y familiar. Los resultados indican a las escuelas la necesidad de recreación de las formas tradicionales de concebir la relación con la familia.(AU)